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CFA Institute Code of Ethics
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Standards of Professional Conduct
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GIPS (Global Investment Performance Standards)
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Ethical decision-making framework
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Professional responsibilities of analysts
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Conflicts of interest management
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Time value of money
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Discounted cash flow analysis
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Probability distributions
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Sampling & estimation
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Hypothesis testing
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Correlation & regression
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Time-series analysis
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Simulation methods
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Machine learning basics (CFA 2024 update)
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Microeconomics (demand, supply, elasticity)
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Macroeconomics (GDP, inflation, unemployment)
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Economic growth models
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Monetary & fiscal policy
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International trade & exchange rates
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Emerging market dynamics
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Currency valuation & forecasting
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IFRS vs GAAP
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Income statement, balance sheet, cash flows
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Revenue recognition
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Inventory & long-term assets
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Taxes & deferred taxes
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Leases, pensions, and intercorporate investments
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Ratio analysis & financial modeling
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Accounting quality issues
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Consolidation & business combinations
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Capital budgeting
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Cost of capital & leverage
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Capital structure theories
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Working capital management
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Corporate governance
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Dividend policy
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Mergers & acquisitions
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ESG integration in finance
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Equity markets & instruments
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Industry & company analysis
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Equity valuation models
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DDM, FCFE, FCFF
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Market efficiency
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Equity portfolio strategies
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Factor models
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Behavioral finance aspects
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Bond types & features
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Time value & bond pricing
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Yield spreads
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Term structure theories
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Duration, convexity & interest rate risk
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Structured products (MBS, ABS)
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Credit analysis & ratings
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Yield curve strategies
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Forward contracts
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Futures & margining
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Options (calls, puts, strategies)
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Swaps (interest rate, currency)
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Black-Scholes model
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Hedging & risk management
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Derivatives valuation principles
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Private equity & venture capital
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Real estate (REITs, valuation)
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Hedge funds
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Commodities
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Infrastructure investments
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Private credit
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ESG in alternatives
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Portfolio theory (Markowitz, CAPM, APT)
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Portfolio construction & optimization
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Asset allocation
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Risk management tools
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Performance evaluation metrics
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Behavioral finance
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Investment policy statements (IPS)
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Private wealth vs institutional wealth management
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Multi-asset portfolio strategies